GATE 2022 Syllabus
Graduate Aptitude Test in
Engineering (GATE) is a national examination conducted jointly by the Indian
Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore and the seven Indian Institutes of
Technology (at Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee)
on behalf of the National Coordination Board (NCB)-GATE, Department of Higher
Education, Ministry of Education (MoE), Government of India.
GATE 2022 BIOTECHNOLOGY SYLLABUS
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics
Linear Algebra: Matrices and determinants; Systems
of linear equations; Eigen values and Eigen vectors.
Calculus: Limits, continuity and differentiability;
Partial derivatives, maxima and minima; Sequences and series; Test for
convergence.
Differential Equations: Linear and nonlinear first
order ODEs, higher order ODEs with constant coefficients; Cauchy’s and Euler’s
equations; Laplace transforms.
Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and
standard deviation; Random variables; Poisson, normal and binomial
distributions; Correlation and regression analysis.
Numerical Methods: Solution of linear and nonlinear
algebraic equations; Integration by trapezoidal and Simpson’s rule; Single step
method for differential equations.
Section 2: General Biology
Biochemistry:
Biomolecules - structure and function; Biological membranes - structure,
membrane channels and pumps, molecular motors, action potential and transport
processes; Basic concepts and regulation of metabolism of carbohydrates,
lipids, amino acids and nucleic acids; Photosynthesis, respiration and electron
transport chain. Enzymes - Classification, catalytic and regulatory strategies;
Enzyme kinetics - Michaelis-Menten equation; Enzyme inhibition - competitive, non-competitive
and uncompetitive inhibition.
Microbiology:
Bacterial classification and diversity; Microbial Ecology - microbes in marine,
freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems; Microbial interactions; Viruses -
structure and classification; Methods in microbiology; Microbial growth and
nutrition; Nitrogen fixation; Microbial diseases and host-pathogen
interactions; Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance.
Immunology:
Innate and adaptive immunity, humoral and cell mediated immunity; Antibody
structure and function; Molecular basis of antibody diversity; T cell and B
cell development; Antigen-antibody reaction; Complement; Primary and secondary
lymphoid organs; Major histocompatibility complex (MHC); Antigen processing and
presentation; Polyclonal and monoclonal antibody; Regulation of immune
response; Immune tolerance; Hypersensitivity; Autoimmunity; Graft versus host
reaction; Immunization and vaccines.
Section 3: Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology
Genetics
and Evolutionary Biology: Mendelian inheritance; Gene
interaction; Complementation; Linkage, recombination and chromosome mapping;
Extra chromosomal inheritance; Microbial genetics - transformation,
transduction and conjugation; Horizontal gene transfer and transposable elements;
Chromosomal variation; Genetic disorders; Population genetics; Epigenetics;
Selection and inheritance; Adaptive and neutral evolution; Genetic drift;
Species and speciation.
Cell
Biology: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell structure; Cell
cycle and cell growth control; Cell-cell communication; Cell signaling and
signal transduction; Post-translational modifications; Protein trafficking;
Cell death and autophagy; Extra-cellular matrix.
Molecular
Biology: Molecular structure of genes and chromosomes;
Mutations and mutagenesis; Regulation of gene expression; Nucleic acid -
replication, transcription, splicing, translation and their regulatory
mechanisms; Non-coding and micro RNA; RNA interference; DNA damage and repair.
Section 4: Fundamentals of Biological Engineering
Engineering
principles applied to biological systems: Material and
energy balances for reactive and non-reactive systems; Recycle, bypass and
purge processes; Stoichiometry of growth and product formation; Degree of
reduction, electron balance, theoretical oxygen demand.
Classical
thermodynamics and Bioenergetics: Laws of
thermodynamics; Solution thermodynamics; Phase equilibria, reaction equilibria;
Ligand binding; Membrane potential; Energetics of metabolic pathways, oxidation
and reduction reactions.
Transport
Processes: Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, fluid flow -
laminar and turbulent; Mixing in bioreactors, mixing time; Molecular diffusion
and film theory; Oxygen transfer and uptake in bioreactor, kLa and its
measurement; Conductive and convective heat transfer, LMTD, overall heat transfer
coefficient; Heat exchangers.
Section 5: Bioprocess Engineering and Process Biotechnology
Bioreaction
engineering: Rate law, zero and first order
kinetics; Ideal reactors - batch, mixed flow and plug flow; Enzyme
immobilization, diffusion effects - Thiele modulus, effectiveness factor, Damkoehler
number; Kinetics of cell growth, substrate utilization and product formation;
Structured and unstructured models; Batch, fed-batch and continuous processes;
Microbial and enzyme reactors; Optimization and scale up.
Upstream
and Downstream Processing: Media formulation and optimization;
Sterilization of air and media; Filtration - membrane filtration,
ultrafiltration; Centrifugation - high speed and ultra; Cell disruption;
Principles of chromatography - ion exchange, gel filtration, hydrophobic
interaction, affinity, GC, HPLC and FPLC; Extraction, adsorption and drying.
Instrumentation
and Process Control: Pressure, temperature and flow
measurement devices; Valves; First order and second order systems; Feedback and
feed forward control; Types of controllers – proportional, derivative and
integral control, tuning of controllers.
Section 6: Plant, Animal and Microbial Biotechnology
Plants: Totipotency; Regeneration of plants; Plant
growth regulators and elicitors; Tissue culture and cell suspension culture
system - methodology, kinetics of growth and nutrient optimization; Production
of secondary metabolites; Hairy root culture; Plant products of industrial
importance; Artificial seeds; Somaclonal variation; Protoplast, protoplast
fusion - somatic hybrid and cybrid; Transgenic plants - direct and indirect
methods of gene transfer techniques; Selection marker and reporter gene;
Plastid transformation.
Animals:
Culture media composition and growth conditions; Animal cell and tissue
preservation; Anchorage and non-anchorage dependent cell culture; Kinetics of
cell growth; Micro & macro-carrier culture; Hybridoma technology; Stem cell
technology; Animal cloning; Transgenic animals; Knock[1]out and knock-in
animals.
Microbes:
Production of biomass and primary/secondary metabolites - Biofuels,
bioplastics, industrial enzymes, antibiotics; Large scale production and
purification of recombinant proteins and metabolites; Clinical-, food- and
industrial- microbiology; Screening strategies for new products.
Section 7: Recombinant DNA technology and Other Tools in Biotechnology
Recombinant
DNA technology: Restriction and modification enzymes;
Vectors - plasmids, bacteriophage and other viral vectors, cosmids, Ti plasmid,
bacterial and yeast artificial chromosomes; Expression vectors; cDNA and
genomic DNA library; Gene isolation and cloning, strategies for production of
recombinant proteins; Transposons and gene targeting;
Molecular
tools: Polymerase chain reaction; DNA/RNA labelling and
sequencing; Southern and northern blotting; In-situ hybridization; DNA
fingerprinting, RAPD, RFLP; Site-directed mutagenesis; Gene transfer
technologies; CRISPR-Cas; Biosensing and biosensors.
Analytical
tools: Principles of microscopy - light, electron,
fluorescent and confocal; Principles of spectroscopy - UV, visible, CD, IR,
fluorescence, FT-IR, MS, NMR; Electrophoresis; Micro-arrays; Enzymatic assays;
Immunoassays - ELISA, RIA, immunohistochemistry; immunoblotting; Flow cytometry;
Whole genome and ChIP sequencing.
Computational tools: Bioinformatics resources and search tools; Sequence and structure databases; Sequence analysis - sequence file formats, scoring matrices, alignment, phylogeny; Genomics, proteomics, metabolomics; Gene prediction; Functional annotation; Secondary structure and 3D structure prediction; Knowledge discovery in biochemical databases; Metagenomics; Metabolic engineering and systems biology.
- Finally all the best for all the candidates who all are going to appear for the GATE 2022 examination. Prepare well for the exam by putting all your smart and hard works. For more updates Don't forget to follow our blog.
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